Teaching Methodology

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History of Methodology

The concept of andragogy, which refers to the art and science of helping adults learn, originated in the 19th century with German educator Alexander Kapp, who first used the term in 1833. It gained prominence in the 20th century through the work of Malcolm Knowles, who formalized andragogy in the 1970s as a distinct model from pedagogy, emphasizing adult learners' self-direction, experience, and readiness to learn.

  • Clair, R. S. (2024). Andragogy: Past and present potential. New Directions for Adult and Continuing Education, 2024(184), 7-13. https://doi.org/10.1002/ace.20546

  • Fretz, J. (1993). Self-direction for lifelong learning: A comprehensive guide to theory and practice. philip C. candy. (1991). san francisco: Jossey-bass publishers. Canadian Journal for the Study of Adult Education, 7(1), 93-96. https://doi.org/10.56105/cjsae.v7i1.2242

  • Loeng, S. (2017). Alexander Kapp – the first known user of the andragogy concept. International Journal of Lifelong Education, 36(6), 629–643. https://doi.org/10.1080/02601370.2017.1363826

  • Mews, J. (2020). Leading through andragogy. College and University, 95(1), 65-68.

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